Ketogenic diet may help manage seizures in drug-resistant epilepsy, study finds

Chinese researchers are suggesting that a ketogenic diet may help manage seizures in drug-resistant epilepsy, based on a study in rats. They note the diet’s potential to protect brain function has been historically underexplored.

The research team at Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China, used a well-established rat model to investigate changes in memory, behavior, brain structure, and inflammation.

The scientists zeroed in on the NF-κB pathway — a “master switch” for brain inflammation — aiming to discover whether the ketogenic diet’s protective effects are tied to suppression of this pathway and its downstream inflammatory responses.

“Our research highlights a critical shift in how we view the ketogenic diet — not just as a seizure-control therapy, but as a powerful tool for brain repair,” says Dr. Xiaojie Song, corresponding author of the study. “By dialing down inflammation at the cellular level, the ketogenic diet helps the brain recover from the long-term consequences of seizures.”

“These results open up new possibilities for non-drug therapies that address both the seizures and the silent damage they leave behind. The future of epilepsy treatment may lie in the synergy of metabolic and molecular interventions.”

Rat model study

In the study published in Pediatric Discovery, the scientists induced juvenile rats with epilepsy and then split them into groups, with some receiving a ketogenic diet for either seven or 20 days.

The researchers conducted various behavioral tests, including different maxes, to assess the rats’ memory and spatial learning. Those fed with the ketogenic diet demonstrated “notable improvements” in exploratory behavior and cognitive performance compared to their non-treated counterparts.

A ketogenic diet could offer a valuable intervention for brain disorders coinciding with inflammation and cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injury.Microscopic analysis also revealed that ketogenic diet-fed rats had “significantly less” damage in their hippocampus brain region — essential for memory. Meanwhile, all parameters of neuronal density, myelin integrity, and axonal structure were “better preserved.” This protection correlated with reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines — signaling proteins.

Molecular studies confirmed that the ketogenic diet suppressed the NF-κB pathway, which is crucial for regulating gene expression.

The researchers say these changes suggest the ketogenic diet not only reduces inflammation but also “interrupts its signaling at the source.” They highlight that their findings illustrate a “two-pronged benefit” of restoring memory and repairing brain damage — both mediated by curbing inflammation at the molecular level.

Ketogenic applications

Beyond epilepsy, the team says a ketogenic diet could offer a “valuable intervention” for other brain disorders coinciding with inflammation and cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injury.

“The ability to modulate the NF-κB pathway through dietary means opens a door to low-risk, non-invasive therapeutic strategies,” they note.

“Future research will need to explore how long these benefits last, the ideal duration of treatment, and whether combining a ketogenic diet with pharmacological agents could further amplify its effects — especially in vulnerable populations like children with drug-resistant epilepsy.”