Fructose has more damaging metabolic effects than glucose, study suggests

06 Oct 2017 --- Researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center have found that mice on a fatty diet who were given high levels of fructose in their diet suffered much worse metabolic effects than those given similar calories of glucose, the other component in table sugar. The scientists went on to pinpoint biological processes that help to explain the different outcomes.

The study’s findings may sound familiar to the 2 billion people in the world who are overweight or obese, or the 1 billion people with fatty liver disease. Often, doctors’ first advice is to cut calories – and especially to cut down on concentrated sugars such as high-fructose corn syrup, a sugar found in sweetened beverages and many other processed foods.

Although fatty liver disease usually does not progress to dangerous levels of liver inflammation, the condition is an increasing concern as its rates climb in the worldwide obesity epidemic, says Samir Softic, M.D., first author on a paper in the Journal of Clinical Investigation describing the research.

Additionally, the condition has become a particular concern among children, emphasizes Softic, who is a researcher in the lab of C. Ronald Kahn, M.D., and a pediatric gastroenterologist at Boston Children's hospital.

Fructose associated with poor metabolic outcomes
The Joslin researchers experimented in a mouse model used to study obesity, Type 2 diabetes, fatty liver and other metabolic illnesses. These animals were given either regular or high-fat diets, and drank either plain water or water sweetened with fructose or glucose.

Comparing these six diets “gave us a much more precise way of saying, what is the role of fructose versus glucose in the diet, and how bad is it when it's added to a normal diet versus a diet high in fat,” says Kahn.

Over ten weeks, none of the animals on a regular diet developed insulin resistance (a key factor in metabolic disease), although those consuming either form of sugar gained substantially more weight.

Among animals on a high-fat diet, however, significant differences emerged between those drinking fructose and glucose.

“Fructose was associated with worse metabolic outcomes,” says Softic. Mice on the high-fat diet become much more obese and more insulin-resistant compared to their peers on the glucose diet. And while both groups of animals added fat to their livers, the fat composition was quite different.

The researchers also discovered that production of an enzyme called ketohexokinase (Khk), required for the first step of fructose metabolism, was increased in the livers of mice who drank fructose. When the scientists examined liver samples from obese human teenagers with fatty liver disease, they also found higher levels of Khk.

The Khk enzyme is specifically important in fructose, but not glucose, metabolism: “Although fructose and glucose are both sugars, cells handle them very differently,” says Kahn. That meant that scientists saw it might offer a target to clamp down on fructose metabolism.

To follow up on this possibility, the Joslin team collaborated with researchers at Alnylam Pharmaceuticals in Cambridge, Massachusetts to tamp down on the production of the Khk protein in the liver. The treatment lowered liver weight and improved glucose tolerance among mice on any diet, but most strikingly among those on the high-fat/high-fructose diet.

Continued exploration
Looking ahead, the researchers will continue to explore the Khk biological pathway and to look for other promising molecular targets for treating fatty liver disease.

“This disease is almost always associated with obesity,” notes Kahn. “Once your fat cells get really full of fat and they can't hold anymore, fat winds up going in other tissues, and the liver is the next best place.”

Almost all obese people with diabetes add some fat to their livers. “These people are more at risk of developing fatty liver disease, just as those with fatty liver disease are more at risk of developing diabetes since obesity is a predisposing factor for both conditions,” says Softic.

As obesity spreads worldwide, so will the burden of fatty liver disease and associated liver failure, which is predicted to become the most common factor driving the need for liver transplants, he says.

The disease afflicts people of every age, but has become a particular problem in children, now that about one-fifth of US school-age children are obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

“The disease is much more worrisome in a child of thirteen who goes from normal liver to fatty liver to liver inflammation over the span of several years than in somebody who's been overweight for 30 years,” says Softic. “Kids also eat more sugar than adults, so fructose may be even more of a risk factor in children, which would add to their years of poor health.”