Exercise, More Than Diet, Key to Preventing Obesity

17 May 2016 --- A study featured in the American College of Sports Medicine journal finds exercise has a more significant impact on metabolism and gut microbes, and decreasing fat tissue, than diet. 

Two factors – metabolism and gut microbes – have been credited by researchers as key players in the fight against obesity. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether exercise or diet better promotes metabolism and healthy shifts in gut microbes, the microscopic organisms in our intestines that break down food and can contribute to decreased obesity. 

New research from the University of Missouri (MU) confirms that exercise plays a significant role in the fight against obesity.

"Some have claimed that exercise may not play a significant role in weight loss, as exercise can increase appetite resulting in greater food intake and potentially reduce activity throughout the day," said Vicki Vieira-Potter, Assistant Professor of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology at MU. "The purpose of this study was to look at exercise independently from weight loss and to determine other metabolic benefits associated with physical activity. Our team aimed to tease out what effects on adipose, or fat tissue, were due to weight loss from diet, and what could be attributed to exercise."

Vieira-Potter and her research team divided young rats prone to obesity into three groups to study the impact of exercise on their metabolic function and fat tissue. All three of the rat groups were fed a high-fat diet. Two of the groups were sedentary while the third group was able to exercise using running wheels. Of the two sedentary groups, one was allowed to eat as much of the high-fat food as they wanted, while the other group were fed controlled portions of the food in order to match the weight reduction caused by exercise. The exercising rats were allowed to eat as much as they wanted.

Several weeks later, all rats were moved to specialized cages where researchers could measure their metabolism and physical activity. Researchers found the sedentary rats with unlimited food access were obese, unlike the sedentary rats fed a reduced amount of the same diet and the rats that exercised, which was expected. 
Notably, the researchers also found that the exercising rats were metabolically healthier than both of the sedentary groups, and they developed different gut microbes than the other groups, despite eating the exact same amount of food as the sedentary group with unlimited food access.

"Overall, the exercising rats had higher metabolic rates, were more active even when not running on their wheels and experienced shifts in their gut microbes, perhaps putting them in in a better position to avoid future weight gain compared to the other groups," Vieira-Potter said. "These findings confirm that exercise is an important component of overall health and is critically important in the fight against obesity, especially during the juvenile period."

The study, "Comparison of Diet vs. Exercise on Metabolic Function and Gut Microbiota in Obese Rats," was published in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, a journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. 

Vieira-Potter's future research will further study how exercise-mediated fat tissue changes may explain its unique metabolic effects. She and her colleagues on the study are also investigating the relationship between gut microbes and exercise and how that relationship impacts obesity.