Crash diets: Stern warning for heart disease patients

02 Feb 2018 --- Crash diets can cause a transient deterioration in heart function, according to research presented at CMR 2018*. Patients with heart disease are therefore being urged to seek medical advice before adopting a very low-calorie diet.

“Crash diets, also called meal replacement programs, have become increasingly fashionable in the past few years,” said lead author Dr. Jennifer Rayner, clinical research fellow, Oxford Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

“These diets have a very low-calorie content of 600 to 800 kcal per day and can be effective for losing weight, reducing blood pressure, and reversing diabetes,” she added. “But the effects on the heart have not been studied until now.”

This study used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the impact of a very low-calorie diet on heart function and the distribution of fat in the abdomen, liver, and heart muscle.

The study included 21 obese volunteers. The average age was 52 years, average body mass index (BMI) was 37 kg/m2, and six were men. Participants consumed a very low-calorie diet of 600 to 800 kcal per day for eight weeks. MRI was performed at the start of the study and after one and eight weeks.

After one week, total body fat, visceral fat and liver fat had all significantly fallen by an average of 6%, 11%, and 42%, respectively. This was accompanied by significant improvements in insulin resistance, fasting total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and blood pressure.

However, after one week, heart fat content had risen by 44%. This was associated with a deterioration in heart function, including the heart’s ability to pump blood.

By eight weeks, heart fat content and function had improved beyond what they had been before the diet began and all other measurements including body fat and cholesterol were continuing to improve.

Dr. Rayner said: “The metabolic improvements with a very low-calorie diet, such as a reduction in liver fat and reversal of diabetes, would be expected to improve heart function. Instead, heart function got worse in the first week before starting to improve.”

“The sudden drop in calories causes fat to be released from different parts of the body into the blood and be taken up by the heart muscle,” she continued. “The heart muscle prefers to choose between fat or sugar as fuel and being swamped by fat worsens its function. After the acute period in which the body is adjusting to dramatic calorie restriction, the fat content and function of the heart improved.”

More research is needed to discover the impact of the acute reduction in heart function. In people with existing heart problems, it might exacerbate their condition – for example aggravating heart failure symptoms like shortness of breath or increasing the risk of arrhythmias.

Dr. Rayner said: “If you have heart problems, you need to check with your doctor before embarking on a very low-calorie diet or fasting. People with a cardiac problem could well experience more symptoms at this early time point, so the diet should be supervised.”

She added that very low calorie diets do have benefits and do not need to be avoided. “Otherwise healthy people may not notice the change in heart function in the early stages,” she said. “But caution is needed in people with heart disease.”

"It may be more sensible for heart patients to follow a diet with more gentle calorie restriction over a longer period, with particular focus on reducing processed dietary sugars and fat as per NHS advice," Dr. Rayner tells NutritionInsight. "The changes we saw were in otherwise healthy people, but in our small study there were no adverse effects reported by the volunteers," she clarifies.

With rates of obesity continuing to skyrocket, the weight loss market is seeing persistent growth, experiencing an explosion in sales, especially around the New Year. In this space, intermittent fasting (IF) is becoming increasingly popular, with organizations such as Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) touting its benefits, as reported in a recent article on the trend. 

IF is an umbrella term encompassing a range of diets where the pattern of calorie restriction and timing of food intake are altered so that individuals undergo frequently repeated periods of fasting or modified fasting (allowing a low calorie intake of approximately 500-600 calories per day). 

You can read the article here.

*CMR 2018 (Barcelona) is a joint EuroCMR/SCMR meeting organized by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR).

By Robin Wyers