Antioxidant Supplement Shows Promise as Treatment for Autism

The antioxidant, called PharmaNAC, contains pharmaceutical-grade N-acetylcysteine and is specially-packed to preserve its potency. PharmaNAC lowered irritability in children with autism as well as reduced the children's repetitive behaviors.

6 Jun 2012 --- A specific antioxidant supplement may be an effective therapy for some features of autism, according to a pilot trial from the Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital that involved 31 children with the disorder.

The antioxidant, called PharmaNAC, contains pharmaceutical-grade N-acetylcysteine and is specially-packed to preserve its potency. PharmaNAC lowered irritability in children with autism as well as reduced the children's repetitive behaviors. The researchers emphasized that the findings must be confirmed in a larger trial.

Irritability affects 60 to 70 percent of children with autism. "We're not talking about mild things: This is throwing, kicking, and hitting; the child needing to be restrained," said Antonio Hardan, MD, the primary author of the new study. "It can affect learning, vocational activities and the child's ability to participate in autism therapies."

The study appears in the June 1 issue of Biological Psychiatry. Hardan is an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford and director of the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Clinic at Packard Children's.

Finding new medications to treat autism and its symptoms is a high priority for researchers. Currently, irritability, mood swings and aggression, all of which are considered associated features of autism, are treated with second-generation antipsychotics. But these drugs cause significant side effects, including weight gain, involuntary motor movements and metabolic syndrome, which increases diabetes risk. By contrast, side effects of PharmaNAC are generally occasional and mild, with gastrointestinal problems such as constipation, nausea, diarrhea and decreased appetite. Most people report no side effects. It is easy for children to take because the PharmaNAC tablet is dropped into a small glass of water to make a fizzy drink, so the child can take it without having to swallow a pill or capsule.

The state of drug treatments for autism's core features, such as social deficits, language impairment and repetitive behaviors, is also a major problem. "Today, in 2012, we have no effective medication to treat repetitive behavior such as hand flapping or any other core features of autism," Hardan said. PharmaNAC could be the first medication available to treat repetitive behavior in autism — if the findings hold up when scrutinized further.

The study tested children with autism ages three to 12. They were physically healthy and were not planning any changes in their established autism treatments during the trial. In the double-blind study design, children received PharmaNAC or a placebo of identical appearance and taste for 12 weeks. The product used was the effervescent, pharmaceutical-grade preparation donated by BioAdvantex Pharma Inc., the manufacturer.

Subjects were evaluated before the trial began and every four weeks during the study using several standardized surveys that measure problem behaviors, social behaviors, autistic preoccupations and drug side effects.

During the 12-week trial, PharmaNAC treatment decreased irritability scores from 13.1 to 7.2 on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist, a widely used clinical scale for assessing irritability. The change is not as large as that seen in children taking antipsychotics. "But this is still a potentially valuable tool to have before jumping on these big guns," Hardan said.

In addition, according to two standardized measures of autism mannerisms and stereotypic behavior, children taking PharmaNAC showed a decrease in repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.

"One of the reasons I wanted to do this trial was that NAC is being used by community practitioners who focus on alternative, non-traditional therapies," Hardan said. "But there is no strong scientific evidence to support these interventions. Somebody needs to look at them."

Hardan cautioned that the NAC for sale as a dietary supplement at drugstores and grocery stores differs in some important respects from the individually packaged doses of pharmaceutical-grade NAC used in the study, and that the over-the-counter version may not produce the same results as PharmaNAC. "When you open the bottle from the drugstore and expose the pills to air and sunlight, it gets oxidized and becomes less effective," he said.

Although the study did not test how PharmaNAC works, the researchers speculated on two possible mechanisms of action. PharmaNAC increases the capacity of the body's main antioxidant network, which some previous studies have suggested is deficient in autism. In addition, other research has suggested that autism is related to an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain. PharmaNAC could modulate the glutamatergic family of excitatory neurotransmitters, which might be helpful in autism.

The scientists are now applying for funding to conduct a large, multicenter trial in which they hope to replicate their findings.

"This was a pilot study," Hardan said. "Final conclusions cannot be made before we do a larger trial."

"BioAdvantex is delighted with the promise that this research shows for PharmaNAC in treating irritability and repetitive behaviours in children with autism," said David Aiello, President, BioAdvantex Pharma. "We are committed to continuing to support research of this condition which affects many Canadians, both adults and children."

Hardan's collaborators at Stanford were Lawrence Fung, MD, a psychiatry resident; Robin Libove and Surekha Nair, MD, social science research assistants; postdoctoral scholar Tetyana Obukhanych, PhD; Lenore Herzenberg, DSc, professor of genetics and member of the Stanford Cancer Institute; and Rabindra Tirouvanziam, PhD, a former instructor in pediatric pulmonary medicine at Stanford who is now at the Emory University School of Medicine.

Information about the Stanford Autism Center at Packard Children's Hospital and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, which also supported the research, is available online at http://autism.lpch.org and http://psychiatry.stanford.edu.

Thiolex Development Corporation has exclusively licensed the technology behind the use of N-acetylcysteine in autism to BioAdvantex Pharma Inc., a related company.